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Veritasium

The Science of Thinking

MIT xPRO

In this step you'll learn about systems thinking and what it is not. Systems thinking is not just about being organized, it goes much further and involves understanding how the pieces and relationships of a system work together to produce functionality or performance. It's like playing a chess game and requires thinking 10 moves ahead, starting with the purpose of the system and ending with how it will work continuously. Systems thinking involves seeing the whole chess board during the creative process.

What is Systems Thinking?

The Quintessential Mind

This ancient Sufi story is a great way to introduce someone to the core idea of systems thinking. Systems thinking involves looking at the problem as part of a system of problems, rather than an isolated event. It requires a mindset that embraces long-term solutions and understanding the delays and feedback that come with them. This mode of cognition leads to deeper states of consciousness that challenge the way one interprets the world and perceives patterns.

Systems Thinking: The Pinnacle of Personal Development

MIT OpenCourseWare

System Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World

MindfulThinks

Cognitive Ease Explained | The Dangers of Lazy Thinking

This content is about three big ideas that help reduce our ridiculous biases caused by cognitive ease. The first idea is to recognize our tendency to replace complex questions with easier, irrelevant questions. The second idea is to be aware of confirmation bias and not start with an answer before asking the question. The third idea is to be aware of the endowment effect and not think something is great just because it's ours. Finally, maybe Nicaragua really is the best country in the world or maybe it's more likely that we're just biased due to the endowment effect."

This content is about understanding the six big ideas of cognitive bias. These six ideas are System 1 and System 2, Anchoring, The Science of Availability, Loss Aversion, Framing, and The Sunk Cost Fallacy. System 1 is the fast, automatic thought process and System 2 is the slow, more rational and logical thinking. Anchoring is when we assign a reasonable or even a high probability to an event that has an almost non-existent probability of happening to us. The Science of Availability is when we assign a probability to an event that is available to us. Loss Aversion is when people are very loss averse and need to be offered more than double to play a game. Framing is how we frame the same situation to have dramatically different consequences. The Sunk Cost Fallacy is when our past decisions influence our present decisions."

In this step you'll learn about typological, population, and tree thinking. Typological thinking is about understanding the category of something and the average properties of the thing. Population thinking is about understanding the variation in the population from which the trait is drawn. Tree thinking is about understanding where something sits on a phylogenetic tree and the importance of comparisons among species."

In this step you'll learn about evolutionary psychology and evolutionary game theory. Evolutionary psychology is about understanding how natural selection has shaped us to have conscious experiences that reflect the state of the world. Evolutionary game theory is about creating worlds in the computer and creating organisms with perceptual systems tailored to the way we want to see the world. These simulations show that truth goes extinct almost all the time, and only has a chance of survival if Fitness functions are in some sense almost the same as the structure of the world.

In this step you'll learn about audible and audible.com/asap. Audible is an online audio platform that allows users to purchase and listen to audiobooks and other forms of audio content. Audible.com/asap provides users with a 30-day free trial for audiobooks. Audible also offers a feature called "Audible Originals" which are exclusive audiobooks created by Audible. Audible also has a "listening library" where users can borrow audiobooks for free. Lastly, Audible has a feature called "ASAP" which allows users to access audiobooks quickly and conveniently. With the help of Audible, users can enjoy audiobooks anytime, anywhere.

In this video, you'll learn about 12 cognitive biases, such as Anchoring Bias, Availability Heuristic Bias, Bandwagon Effect, Choice Supportive Bias, and Confirmation Bias. These biases are studied by Is Gone Off TV, who has great animations on topics like these and other self development topics. These biases can have a huge impact on how we make decisions and how we perceive the world around us.

In this step you'll learn about the Bias Blind Spot and how it affects decision-making. The Bias Blind Spot is the area of the road that the driver is unable to see when looking forward or through the rearview mirrors. This is the same with the biased blind spot, where individuals are unable to see how biases affect their judgement. Finally, the biased blind spot was named after the visual blind spot and was coined by Emily Pronin, a social psychologist from Princeton University's Department of Psychology.

This content is about heuristics, or rules of thumb that people use to make quick decisions and judgments. Heuristics are based on past experiences and can lead to faulty conclusions. The content also discusses how heuristics can be used to make decisions about political issues and how it is important to recognize that our judgements may be wrong and to be open to listening to opinions that may be initially considered wrong or offensive. Finally, the content emphasizes the importance of being humble about our views and recognizing that the world is an uncertain place.

In this step, you'll learn about the Status Quo Bias, which is a cognitive bias that causes people to prefer to keep things the way they are. The bias is caused by a combination of factors such as loss aversion, the endowment effect, and psychological inertia. To reduce the negative impacts of the Status Quo Bias, it is important to be aware of it, base decisions on facts instead of gut feeling, and to take enough time to make decisions.

In diesem Video lernen wir über Bestätigungsverzerrung und wie sie sich auf unser Verhalten auswirkt. Bestätigungsverzerrung ist die Tendenz, Informationen zu sammeln, zu interpretieren und im Gedächtnis zu behalten, und dies auf eine Weise, die unser Vorurteil bestätigt. Zudem erfahren wir, wie wir uns unserer eigenen Voreingenommenheit bewusst werden können. Außerdem wird eine lustige Aufgabe der Entdeckung von Hypothesenregeln präsentiert, bei der es darum geht, die Zahl und die Regel hinter der Zahlenfolge 2 - 4 - 6 zu ermitteln. Die richtige Antwort ist 8 und die Regel ist jede Zahl wird um 2 erhöht."

In this step, you'll learn about loss aversion and prospect theory. Loss aversion is the tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains, while prospect theory states that people will take much greater risks to avoid losing the things they have than they would have taken to gain them. This can lead to people committing unethical acts to cover up mistakes, out of fear of the potential loss of reputation or livelihood. People need to monitor their own actions and motivations to remain ethical, and have the courage to admit to even painful mistakes."

The framing effect explains how the same information can be presented in different ways to evoke different emotional responses. This can drastically impact decision-making ability. Daniel Kahneman, a psychologist and Nobel Prize winner, found that losses are perceived more significantly than gains and that a surefire gain is preferred to a probable one. He also found that reframing the reference point can change the perception of something, such as comparing a $5 Starbucks coffee to renting an office space for $100 a day. Lastly, frame inversion shifts the perspective of a piece of information by flipping it on its head.

This content is about the halo effect, which is a phenomenon where people associate unrelated qualities to someone or something that appears to shine in a particular way. It was first identified by the American psychologist Frederick Wells in 1907 and was then studied by the psychologist Edward Thorndike. The content also discusses how the halo effect can affect people in work, school or public life and suggests ways to avoid it. Finally, the content encourages viewers to share their thoughts and ideas about the halo effect in the comments section and informs them that the video is licensed under the Creative Commons.

In this video, you'll learn about priming, a psychological term which is used to manipulate people subconsciously or deliberately. Priming is the introduction of one stimulus which influences how people respond to subsequent stimuli. An example of this is when someone says the word "yellow" and then asks a question, the person is more likely to answer with a word associated with yellow, such as "banana". Priming can also be used to manipulate others, and even to manipulate oneself. This video is the first in a series of three on priming.

In this video, the speaker explains how to use psychological priming to manipulate other people. Priming is about activating mental categories in people's minds, which influences their behavior in a subconscious way. Examples are given of how priming can be used in social situations, such as job interviews, dates, and advertising campaigns. The speaker also explains how to use priming through words, photos, and visual cues to create a desired mental category in someone's mind.

In this step you'll learn about the Anchoring Effect. Anchoring Effect is a cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions. This is usually done unconsciously and can lead to incorrect decisions. An example of this is when people are asked to guess the population of a city, they may guess higher if they are first presented with a higher number. This is also applicable to Steam, where people may overestimate the value of a game if they are first presented with a higher number. Additionally, they may also underestimate the value of a game if they are first presented with a lower number. This cognitive bias can also be seen in NPCs in games, where they may react more positively to players who offer them higher rewards. Lastly, this bias can also be seen in Steam charts, where people may overestimate the success of a game if they are first presented with a higher number.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency we have to attribute causes of other people's behavior to their character rather than to situational factors. In this step, Professor Robert Prentice and his students discuss how we often make snap judgments about others and how we can avoid this by putting ourselves in the other person's shoes and being cognizant of our own mistakes. They discuss how we should remember that everyone makes mistakes and that there are often situational factors that explain why people do what they do."

In this step you'll learn about the Planning Fallacy and how it impacts individual and organizational judgments. The Planning Fallacy is the tendency to underestimate the time and resources needed to achieve goals. This cognitive bias was originally discovered by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979. To combat the Planning Fallacy, researchers suggest anchoring future predictions based on objective past performance and intentionally considering potential setbacks."

In this step you'll learn about decision-making and how it affects the future. Decision-making is not an easy thing to do as we are surrounded by an environment that can have a huge influence on how we make decisions. We must go in line with our goals, make small decisions that make a huge impact, and take ourselves out of the situation to make better decisions. Lastly, make good enough decisions and don't overthink or overplan."

In this step you'll learn about challenging the constraints, embracing a pre-mortem and checking the basics. Challenging the constraints allows you to think big and think differently. Embracing a pre-mortem helps to mitigate potential mistakes and better formulate the correct course of action. Lastly, checking the basics ensures small details don't prevent you from accomplishing amazing things."

In this step you'll learn about cognitive biases and how to reduce their effects. Cognitive biases are a whole set of consistent errors with how humans perceive and process information. Daniel Willingham's 2007 paper makes a compelling case that abstract critical thinking skills tend to be trapped in whatever context we first learned them. To reduce the risk of bias, strategies such as getting comfortable, looking like you're thinking hard, getting into someone else's head, considering the opposite, and perspective hindsight can be employed.

This content is about a denied access to a website. The website in question is http://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/the-business-logic-in-debiasing. The reference number for the denied access is 18.85f01002.1669787039.22bdd5c. This indicates that the user does not have the necessary permission to access the website.

In this video, you'll learn about logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors of reasoning which weaken an argument. There are 10 common logical fallacies, such as circular reasoning, hasty generalization, slippery slope, straw man, ad hominem, false dichotomy, appeal to emotion, equivocation, bandwagon appeal, and false analogy. Understanding these logical fallacies will help you to create a sound argument and avoid making mistakes in your reasoning.

Farnam Street provides a simple checklist to help reduce biases and improve decision making. The checklist includes questions to ask yourself and questions to ask the recommenders. It also includes evaluation questions to ask about the proposal. The article includes books to read to further improve decision making.

On this path, you will learn:
- Improve the Quality of all your big decisions
- Know about your thinking processes
- Understand Cognitive Biases and Logical Fallacies
- Learn how to minimize the effects of these Biases and Fallacies

	#	Type	Title	Creator	Platform	Duration
	1		The Science of Thinking	Veritasium	youtube.com	12m
	What you'll learn in this step:
	2		What is Systems Thinking?	MIT xPRO	youtube.com	2m
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	3		Systems Thinking: The Pinnacle of Personal Development	The Quintessential Mind	youtube.com	9m
	What you'll learn in this step:
	4		System Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World	MIT OpenCourseWare	youtube.com	55m
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	5		Cognitive Ease Explained \| The Dangers of Lazy Thinking	MindfulThinks	youtube.com	4m
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Mastering your critical thinking

Moore Narcisse

Entrepreneur

@moorenarcisse